Soviet-American Relations With Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan
Looked at from 19 different angles by as many expert authors, the problems of these three countries of the Persian Gulf region in relations with each other and with the two superpowers appear in all their complexity, and inevitably with some repetition. Even the seasoned observer will find something new here, and will also find stimulus to thought and debate, for each author is on his own and not reined in by any overall framework or editor's hand. Perhaps surprisingly, the treatment of U.S. policy is rather less full and coherent than that of Soviet policy, although the one chapter contributed by Soviet scholars is boilerplate.
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The two key issues are development aid levels and Pakistan's nuclear policy. On the first, argues that the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, plus US budget constraints, indicate that "extraordinarily high levels of aid cannot and should not be maintained". On the second, asserts that the USA should, if it proves unable to persuade Pakistan to renounce its nuclear programme, lower its sights and settle for Pakistani agreement not to test nuclear weapons.
Reviews inter-state relations and foreign-policy initiatives in the Middle East in 1988, with special reference to US interests. Covers (1) Israel-PLO-US negotiations (2) the Iran-Iraq war and the UN peace plan (3) the US experience in Lebanon and the Gulf (4) arms purchases and the escalation of the regional arms race (5) future US interests and US-Soviet collaborative efforts in the region.
Al Qaeda is likely to survive bin Laden's killing for one simple reason: the group had already largely passed him by.
This article appears in the Foreign Affairs eBook, "The U.S. vs. al Qaeda: A History of the War on Terror." Now available for purchase.

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