Somoza Falling
The director of the State Department's Policy Planning staff during the Carter Administration, Anthony Lake provides a highly readable and illuminating account of the way the U.S. foreign policy machinery responded to the fall of Nicaraguan strongman Anastasio Somoza during 1978 and the first seven months of 1979. Emphasizing how foreign policy decisions are shaped by incomplete information, limited time, domestic political pressures to compromise and the decision-makers' inadequate grasp of the relevant history, Lake reminds us that a small country which became the obsessive focus of President Reagan's foreign policy in the 1980s was mostly ignored during the crucial months in 1978-79 when greater attention and creativity by U.S. policymakers might have made an important difference.
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The USA maintains that its aim is for a peaceful settlement in Nicaragua in a regional context that advances the prospects for democracy, protects the interests of the Contras and preserves US strategic interests. These goals involve a potentially long and difficult process. The accord concluded by the Central American Presidents in Aug 1987 by no means ensures peace. The practical question facing the USA is how to preserve its commitment to the Contras while still influencing the negotiating process.
The Reagan Administration is at war with Nicaragua. Like other wars the United States has fought since 1945 it is an undeclared war. It is also a small war. No U.S. serviceman has yet fired a shot, but American-made bullets from American-made guns are killing Nicaraguans, and the President of the United States has made the demise of the present Nicaraguan government an all-but-explicit aim of his foreign policy.
A few days after Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, U.S. Ambassador to Nicaragua Lawrence Pezzullo gave a long interview in his Managua office. "It's going to be our ideological blinders that may cause us to make mistakes," Pezzullo said, as he considered Central America policy under the new President. "This is a new Administration, there are going to be tradeoffs, and you've got to feed your right-wing somewhere. Maybe you'll just let them eat up Latin America. It's cheaper than some other places like the Middle East, the Soviet Union or China, where no president is going to have much room for radical policy changes." He paused and reflected for a moment. "That's the way I tend to think things will go," he said, "just feed it to the lions."

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