The Japanese Way Of Politics
This is a landmark study of Japan's political system that debunks many myths and erases a number of stereotypes. It is likely to be the standard work on Japanese politics for many years to come. Curtis, a professor of government at Columbia University, rejects the notion of Japan as a monolith of economic and political conformity and presents a picture of a political system at once stable and yet highly flexible. With a wealth of detail he discusses changes in the party system, the policy priorities of the ruling Liberal Democratic party, and the role of party leaders in making public policy. The central idea is that of the political system's adaptability and especially the adaptability of the LDP. In 1955 the LDP was little more than a loose coalition of factions held together mainly by fear of the Socialists coming to power. Thirty years later the LDP is "a complex and differentiated organization whose whole had become greater than the sum of its factional parts."
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Since Mao Zedong's death in 1976, and particularly since the rise of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, the post-Mao leaders of China have sought to develop a new strategy and new institutions for modernizing China. In the economy, they have sought a more decentralized, quasi-market socialist system better suited to Chinese conditions than the highly centralized, Soviet-type system they adopted in 1949. Perhaps the most significant step has been a de facto decollectivization of agriculture.
Is China democratizing? The country's leaders do not think of democracy as people in the West generally do, but they are increasingly backing local elections, judicial independence, and oversight of Chinese Communist Party officials. How far China's liberalization will ultimately go and what Chinese politics will look like when it stops are open questions.
For a nation whose founding is lost in the mists of antiquity, Japan is in many respects a very new country. Last year we celebrated the hundredth anniversary of the Meiji Restoration, which marked our entry into the modern world. This year the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which I am honored to head, observed its centennial. By contrast, the United States, which is in every respect a young nation, possesses a number of institutions that are far older than many of Japan's. The Department of State, for example, is only a dozen years short of its bicentennial, and Harvard University, with its 333-year old history, is more than three times the age of my own alma mater, Tokyo University, now in its ninety-second year.

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