The Gulf War: Its Origins, History And Consequences; After The War: Iraq And The Arab Gulf
The war in question is the eight-year struggle between Iran and Iraq. In The Gulf War two experienced British journalists present a good general survey that does justice to both sides while raising pertinent questions about the aims and judgment of the leaders in what was in essence a bloody, costly and pointless war. The book is at its best in delving into the murky and often contradictory policies of outside states, not least the United States and the Soviet Union. In dealing with the two belligerents, After the War, based on a 1989 symposium, covers some of the same ground and also antedates the crisis brought on by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Many of its predictions and conclusions, especially those on Iraq, fare badly in the light of subsequent events. There is nevertheless much solid information on the effects of the years of war on Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the other gulf states. The chapters on the broader strategic issues, though making some telling criticisms of American policy, are less enlightening.
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The Clinton administration supports crippling economic sanctions that punish the Iraqi people but seems ready to live with the demise of international inspections to monitor Saddam Hussein's nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons programs. Washington has it exactly backward. It should offer Baghdad a blunt trade: lightened sanctions in return for renewed, intrusive arms inspections. The sweeping sanctions regime does nothing to advance U.S. interests, undermine Saddam, or contain Iraq. Leaving Saddam's arsenal unwatched is folly. Better to have arms inspections without sanctions than sanctions without arms inspections.
During Richard Nixon's first term, when I served as secretary of defense, we withdrew most U.S. forces from Vietnam while building up the South's ability to defend itself. The result was a success -- until Congress snatched defeat from the jaws of victory by cutting off funding for our ally in 1975. Washington should follow a similar strategy now, but this time finish the job properly.
As Cold War threats have diminished, so-called weapons of mass destruction -- nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and ballistic missiles -- have become the new international bugbears. The irony is that the harm caused by these weapons pales in comparison to the havoc wreaked by a much more popular tool: economic sanctions. Tally up the casualties caused by rogue states, terrorists, and unconventional weapons, and the number is surprisingly small. The same cannot be said for deaths inflicted by international sanctions. The math is sobering and should lead the United States to reconsider its current policy of strangling Iraq.

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