The European Sisyphus: Essays on Europe, 1964-1994
A master analyst of contemporary Europe, a veteran observer of French affairs has collected some of his essays written in the last three decades, dealing with the state of Europe from de Gaulle to Gorbachev. The tone belies the title, though Hoffmann emphasizes the hard constraints on policies leading to European integration and in the end concludes that today's European Union is an incomplete construction without historical analogue. Throughout he assesses America's presence, now weakening, as well.
Unlike many of his academic colleauges, he has a clear sense of the importance of personal-cultural factors in international affairs; he is very good on the qualities of leadership needed--and all too often lacking. The essays reflect Hoffmann's changing views; the repetition of some themes is inevitable in an unrevised collection. Erudite, skeptical, ever-stimulating, affecting detachment, Hoffmann is deeply engaging, as was his great model, Raymond Aron.
Related
German history teaches that malice and simplicity have their appeal, that force impresses, and that nothing in the public realm is inevitable. It also proves that democratic reconstruction is possible, even on initially uncongenial ground.
Daniel Goldhagen's book on the Holocaust--condemning the German "eliminationist" mindset toward Jews--has become an international bestseller and a datum in German-American relations. Pity, because it is a simplistic, monocausal, and unhistorical explanation of one of the most complex horrors in history. For Goldhagen, as for the Nazis, Hitler is Germany.
The Afghanistan crisis has dramatized and intensified antecedent changes and strains in the Western alliance. There was unanimous, if separate, condemnation of Soviet aggression, but there were also divergent, and often acrimoniously divergent, assessments of the causes of aggression and the nature of the challenge. The difficulties of orchestrating a common response or of at least preventing a discordant one suggest a new balance of forces within the alliance and a set of divergent interests.

Sign-up for free weekly updates from ForeignAffairs.com.