Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State
This collection of essays by Chalmers Johnson, a well-known American Japanologist, covers a wide variety of subjects, from the role of the state in Japan's economic life to the nature of Japanese politics and bureaucracies to Japan's international relations. Johnson has attracted a good deal of attention--not all favorable--as a result of his leadership of the so-called revisionist school of scholarship on Japan. But the fact remains, as he demonstrates in these essays, that he is one of the most insightful and provocative political scientists currently writing on Japan. Johnson has an unusual capacity to consider Japan in the context of broad theoretical concepts. And many of his essays have very useful summaries of Japanese writing and thinking. In sum, this volume is a stimulating discussion of postwar Japan and U.S.-Japan relations in the post--Cold War era.
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Ichiro Ozawa, a former power broker in the Liberal Democratic Party, has become a seminal figure of Japan's reform movement. A leader of the up-and-coming New Frontier Party, in 1993 he wrote an influential bestseller, Blueprint for a New Japan, that helped define the national debates over democratic reform, social issues, and foreign policy. He views himself as Meiji-type leader, trying to awaken Japan to the changes in the outside world. But many of the Japanese are wary of the savvy backroom dealmaker. In any case, his views are helping chart Japan's diplomatic course: a more engaged global role coupled with a resilient U.S. partnership.
In every country, the supreme task of politics is to guarantee the security and peace of that country. Japan is no exception. In its case, however, a fundamental difficulty is that the government and opposition parties are not able easily to find any point of agreement on how the guarantee is to be achieved. This has brought about a political situation peculiar to Japan.
The Asian financial crisis had a side benefit: prodding the Japanese government to fix its economy. But as the sense of urgency eased, so too did the momentum for change. The Liberal Democratic Party, never a true champion of reform, now blocks deregulation from every angle. Wasteful public spending has created little but debt. And the public's trust in its government is all but gone. Recovery would require Japan's politicians to give up the many benefits of the status quo, which they will not do without a fight. So Japan's reforms are stalled permanently. Its economy is, too.

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