U.S. Foreign Policy and the United Nations System
One of the most striking paradoxes of the 1990s is that strong currents in American opinion have turned against the United Nations at precisely the moment when it is most in America's hands -- that the restrictions it imposes on U.S. freedom of action have seemed most unbearable at the moment when it most reflects American will. That the United Nations is beset by weaknesses and incapacities of various kinds is acknowledged by the authors of this volume -- a typically excellent American Assembly compendium -- but they generally urge that recognition of the need for U.N. reform or of the inherent limitations of the organization not obscure its continuing utility for American foreign policy. Contributors include Michael Doyle, with an insightful essay on lessons learned from recent peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations; Lewis Dunn, who calls for "an enforceable global taboo" on the use of weapons of mass destruction but sidesteps the more difficult issue of enforcement of nonproliferation; Frederick Cuny on refugees and displaced persons, an essay completed shortly before his death in Chechnya; and Donald Puchala, who provocatively urges inventive but unrealistic changes in the United Nations' machinery and structure.
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I Recently attended a round-table discussion of distinguished and imaginative Latin American leaders during which two speakers berated various countries for lack of "political will." In the first instance, what the United States needed to do to demonstrate its political will was to provide tariff preferences for imports of manufactured goods from less- developed countries. In the second case, political will was needed for Latin America to achieve an integrated, Hemisphere-wide, common market. To repeat: the speakers were men of substantial intellect.
Multilateralism is a means, not an end, and there is no more multilateral body than the UN. That may make it unwieldy at times, but the UN's inclusiveness is the key to the legitimacy only it can confer. The organization thus remains an essential force in international politics, and one the United States benefits from greatly.
The United Nations has usurped power from its members, threatening American interests. The time has come to deliver an ultimatum: Either the United Nations reforms quickly and dramatically or the United States will end its participation.
