Singapore's Authoritarian Capitalism: Asian Values, Free Market Illusions, and Political Dependency
Christopher Lingle became an international celebrity after he wrote an article critical of Singapore's political leadership in the International Herald Tribune that aroused the ire of the government. At the time, Lingle was a visiting professor at the national university. Faced with the prospect of lawsuits and jail, he quickly fled the country and returned to the United States. His book is an indictment of the "suffocating, authoritarian intervention in most aspects of life there." Although he does not deny that Singapore has become one of the great economic success stories of modern times, he argues that its political repression has exacted significant economic and political costs. He questions the long-term survival of the ruling party -- the People's Action Party -- and its capacity to sustain Singapore's economic growth. Lingle's book is not a polemic, but the work of a trained economist and serious academic. It works on many levels: as a not very flattering description of political life in Singapore, as a warning that, over the long run, economic growth is not consistent with political oppression, and as a stimulating contribution to a discussion among American academics of how to achieve the right balance between individual freedom and social harmony.
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Flanking the sea artery connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and virtually linking the Asian mainland with the Indonesian archipelago, the island of Singapore occupies a strategic position in southeastern Asia. Toward its 220 square miles of territory have converged races from all the Orient, but especially the southern Chinese in their ubiquitous quest for commercial opportunities. When Sir Stamford Raffles established a trading post near the Singapore River on February 6, 1819, the island's only inhabitants were a few hundred Malays. Four months later, however, he wrote: "From the number of Chinese already settled, and the peculiar attraction of the place for that industrious race, it may be presumed that they will always form the largest part of the community." Today, some 75 percent of Singapore's million and three-quarters inhabitants are Chinese- the largest urban concentration anywhere of overseas Chinese.
Pacific powers would like Korea to reunify slowly, but the North is soon likely to implode, its economy deteriorating as its weapons of mass destruction accumulate. Rapid reunification would spur economic growth, as in Germany, and reduce regional tensions. South Korea's liberalization of its own economy and strengthening of its civic institutions will prepare it to assist the North. China and Russia may not go along, but Western governments should stop coddling Pyongyang. America should underwrite a united Korea's security, and Japan its finances.
Over the past decade, China's leaders have pursued rapid economic reform while stifling political change. The result today is a rigid state that is unable to cope with an increasingly organized, complex, and robust society. China's next generation of leaders, set to take office in 2002-3, will likely respond to this dilemma by accelerating political reform -- unless a new cold war with the United States intervenes.

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