From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882-1990, Vol. 5, Nadir and Resurgence, 1964-1979
The overthrow of apartheid in South Africa permits an interpretive change in the thrust of African resistance politics by the editors and authors of this invaluable documentary history. What began in 1972 as an effort to preserve a transient record of African resistance to political oppression, from its nineteenth-century origins to its apparently stalled condition in the mid-1960s, can now offer a detailed account of an epic story in our time. The text, which takes up half the volume, is organized into thematic essays written by the volume editors, who are well-known scholars of South African political history. Included is an essay on trade unions by labor expert David Lewis. This volume covers the period from the trial and imprisonment of Nelson Mandela to the government crackdown after the 1976 Soweto uprising. The authors survey movements and groups both cooperating and competing with the African National Congress. The unofficial documentary records -- interviews, a diary, prison memos, handbills -- are a fascinating glimpse into a large collection available on microfilm.
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South Africa's political miracle may not be followed by an economic one. Despite its claims of superiority to black governments to the north, the National Party pursued economic policies like most African countries'--import substitution, a wasteful public sector--leading to staggering black unemployment. Only slow private sector growth can lift the black majority out of poverty. But the National Unity government, while avoiding the worst populist temptations, must win citizens over to structural adjustment with gains in education, infrastructure investment, and affirmative action. Of those given little, much is asked.
Despite remarkable progress since the end of apartheid, South Africa today is badly wracked by AIDS and severe wealth inequalities, with a leadership still fixated on racial struggle. After more than a decade in power, the ANC has yet to reconcile its various ambitions: curbing racism, promoting political participation, and advancing the interests of all South Africans.
South Africa's negotiating parties continue to stave off violent extremists on both the right and left. More than a tussle over constitutional mechanics, the current negotiations are an effort to construct a political center that will hold. But agreeing on a spring election well before establishing the rules of the game has transformed the talks into a power struggle, and the eight-month election campaign into a gauntlet of uncertainty.

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