The World's Banker: A Story of Failed States, Financial Crises, and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations
The Washington-based World Bank is the pre-eminent global institution for promoting economic development, disbursing billions of dollars a year in loans, concessional aid, and technical assistance, often in the form of grants. Australian-turned-American James Wolfensohn, a successful investment banker, has headed the World Bank since 1995-a turbulent time both within and outside of the bank, especially with the financial crises of the late 1990s. Mallaby, a Washington Post editorial writer, provides a sympathetic yet critical assessment of the World Bank under Wolfensohn's leadership, crediting him for bringing the bank much closer to its developing-country clients but faulting him for trying to take on too wide a scope of activity without a clear and manageable set of priorities. This lively book is based on, among other sources, hundreds of interviews, including with Wolfensohn, present and past bank officials, national officials, and residents of loan-receiving countries, who sometimes take a much more favorable view of the bank's activities than one would guess from the pronouncements of U.S.-and European-based nongovernmental organizations that purport to represent their interests.
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A debate is unfolding over a new IMF proposal to avert future Argentina-style financial meltdowns: an international "Chapter 11" that would let a country declare bankruptcy, just like a troubled firm. Such a plan would represent an improvement over the current approach -- but it will not eliminate financial crises altogether.
Initially devised to maintain a system of fixed exchange rates, the IMF took on a new role during the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s-providing moderate amounts of credit, facilitating debt renegotiations, and recommending responsible macroeconomic policies. But the IMF is also applying the lessons of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, where a fundamental economic restructuring was necessary, to Asia. So in Korea, for example, the fund called for reform of inefficient conglomerates and inflexible labor laws. However beneficial in the long run, such changes are not needed to resolve the current crisis. By stepping in too far and too soon, the IMF discourages countries from seeking modest help. Even worse, it encourages bankers to undertake more risky loans, making another crisis more likely.
A new U.S. emphasis on African maritime development -- dedicated not only to rooting out piracy but also renovating ports and investing in job creation -- could improve African security and economic growth.

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