The Judicial Construction of Europe
Stone Sweet, who teaches political science and law at Yale, has been a champion of the study of courts as shapers and interpreters of the constitutional order. In this important, impressive, and scholarly new book, he examines the contribution of the European Court of Justice to the construction of Europe. He shows how the ECJ has asserted its supremacy in national laws and courts and reinforced both the supra-and the subnational aspects of European integration--proving in the process that students of government need not only a solid grounding in history and a decent knowledge of economics, but also an understanding of the law. As a result, the Rome treaty on integration has "evolved from a set of legal arrangements binding upon sovereign states into a vertically integrated legal regime conferring judicially enforceable rights and obligations on legal persons and entities, public and private." It will be impossible to teach about the EU without resorting to this book.
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The history of the Atlantic Alliance is a history of crises. But we must distinguish between the routine difficulties engendered by Western Europe's dependence on the United States for its security, as well as by the economic interdependence of the allies, and major breakdowns or misunderstandings which reveal not simply an inevitable divergence of interests but dramatically different views of the world and priorities. At the present time, complaints from West European leaders about the effects of high American interest rates on their economies, or about President Reagan's skeptical approach to North-South economic issues, belong in the first category. The current controversy in Europe over nuclear weapons belongs in the second, and now confronts the Alliance with one of its most dangerous tests.
Not much attention was paid in March 1985, when the European Council, whose members include the chiefs of state and government of the 12 member states, decided that it should constitute a single market by 1992. After all, the European Community had been established in 1957 with the goal of a common market, and many people believed that the goal had been reached; tariffs within the Community had been abolished, a common external tariff put in place and a controversial common agricultural policy instituted.

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