Resisting the State: Reform and Retrenchment in Post-Soviet Russia
The essential question about Russia today is not what has happened to reform, but why has the state -- notwithstanding Vladimir Putin's maneuverings -- been unable to pull itself together and deliver for its citizens what a state should? Stoner-Weiss, who knows Russia region by region and who for this book interviewed in 72 of the 89, believes that the answer lies in the will and ability of regions to defy the central government on key economic policy issues, that their defiance depends heavily on local businesspeople who made off quite literally as bandits during the collapse of the Soviet state and who do not want reform to threaten their gains, and that the root of all of this can be traced back to ill-conceived aspects of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, which were mightily enhanced by Boris Yeltsin's privatization schemes. Given the essence of the problem -- a state too little embedded in society and too susceptible to "capture" by "societal elements" -- Stoner-Weiss does not think Putin's moves to impose control will work. The book is short, and the argument tight.
Related
Although Russia has projected itself more forcefully on the world stage since the beginning of the Putin era, its foreign policy still lacks any sort of grand strategic vision. Russian leaders continue to squabble over issues from NATO expansion to the world economy. But they are particularly concerned about Russia's identity, especially with regard to the post-Soviet states. If the Bush administration fails to devise a coherent policy of its own toward its former rival, it may face serious problems down the road.
The United States may have reset its Russia policy, but the U.S. approach to the other states in the region is in dire need of a conceptual revolution.
What enthusiasts took for a global rush to democracy may be reversing direction, with backsliding and stalled transitions in the former Soviet Union, Africa, the Middle East. So far, one sees disarray or new strongmen much like the old; no competing ideologies seem to be beckoning. Market reforms have not been the cause in most cases. More affluent countries with Western ties seem to be sticking the course better. However the trend plays out, it should lead the administration to rethink democracy promotion. The truth is that U.S. policy is not significantly responsible for democracy's advance or retreat in the world.

Sign-up for free weekly updates from ForeignAffairs.com.