Case Studies in U.S. Trade Negotiations (2 vols.)
The economics of international trade is simple and straightforward -- at least when compared with its political and legal aspects. For many years, Harvard's Kennedy School of Government has exposed its students and visiting civil servants to these complexities through selected case studies drawn from the U.S. experience. These two volumes make available some of those studies, along with useful interpretive and background material, under two categories: trade policy formation and negotiation and the settlement of disputes. Volume 1, "Making the Rules", covers intellectual property, the failed Multilateral Agreement on Investment, Bill Clinton's inability to get fast-track trade-negotiating authority through Congress, the U.S.-Chinese accession agreement for China's membership in the World Trade Organization, and negotiations with the European Union over mutual recognition of regulatory systems. Volume 2, "Resolving Disputes", covers disputes with the European Union over hormone-treated beef, bananas, and genetically modified foods; the Kodak-Fuji dispute over film distribution; various ruckuses over steel; and the Brazilian case against U.S. cotton subsidies. Each study alone offers useful glimpses of how the U.S. political system and the international trading system work. Taken together, this is a fine collection for all students of foreign trade and international cooperation in practice.
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With the U.S. economy soaring, few care that immigration to the United States is at its highest absolute levels. But what happens when the economy falls back to earth? High-tech immigrant workers are already competing with Americans for jobs, while unskilled immigrant laborers are becoming a permanent underclass. High immigration is creating imbalances in education, income distribution, employment, and welfare demands -- as well as tensions between immigrants and citizens and among the federal, state, and local governments. An economic slump will mean crisis. Congress and the White House need to cut back now.
Will Russia be run by democrats or oligarchs? The signs are worrying. The West would rather not dwell on the extent to which Russia's market is dominated by robber barons and permeated by crime and corruption. Russia's democracy is weak, with unfair election campaigns, a compromised media, and few checks on the presidency. The West cannot afford to let Russia descend into chaos, which might mean losing control of Russia's arsenal of weapons of mass destruction, but its two-faced NATO expansion policy hurts the democrats' chances.
The growing economic disputes between the USA and Japan could develop into a serious political conflict. The 'Japan problem' is rooted in two fictions (1) that the Japanese state has central organs of government which bear ultimate responsibility for economic and political decision-making, whereas the Japanese system is a collection of different hierarchies without a centre (2) that Japan has a free-market capitalist economy, whereas it is actually a 'capitalist development state', characterized by a partnership between central bureaucrats and entrepreneurs. Fixed trade commitments could be part of the solution.
