China's Financial Transition at a Crossroads
It is widely acknowledged that China's financial system is one of the weakest and most vulnerable parts of the rapidly growing Chinese economy. It also does a poor job of allocating financial capital within China. This book is the result of a fruitful collaboration between researchers at Columbia University, in New York, and Tsinghua University, in Beijing. The authors and discussants examine closely and critically the Chinese banking system, which is a source of credit for state-owned enterprises and also, increasingly, for consumers; the Chinese bond market, which is only in the incipient stages of development; the Chinese stock markets, which lack the regulatory oversight and ethical practices expected in more mature economies; and China's foreign-exchange-rate policy and exposure to capital flows, both incoming and outgoing, despite tight restrictions on the free flow of capital. China is changing so rapidly that any book on it is in some respects out of date by the time of publication, but this is an excellent overview of China's financial markets.
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How important international trade is for the less developed nations is indicated by the fact that it frequently accounts for 20 percent or more of their total economy as against 8 percent for the economy of the United States. Indeed, trade is much more important to them than aid. Total exports of the less developed areas amounted to $31 billion in 1960, while the total flow of financial assistance from the industrial nations (including private foreign investment) amounted to $8 billion.
The logic of free trade does not apply to currency convertibility, as the Asian currency crisis should have made clear.
Forecasts the emergence of an international order based on 'civilian powers', defined as states dependent on economic co-operation, supra-national structures, and primarily economic (rather than military) means of defending the national interest. A discussion of the potential of the FRG and Japan as such powers.

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