Young Stalin
How much more is there to learn about Joseph Stalin, given the wave of recent biographies on top of a vast existing literature? Lots, it turns out. With notable exceptions, such as in Robert Tucker's Stalin as Revolutionary, Stalin's youth has tended to receive short shrift. Montefiore, by searching in every corner for what made the young Stalin, creates a far clearer picture of the leader he became. The outlines have long been familiar, but Montefiore turns stills into a throbbing, full-bodied film. Stalin's drunken father and devoted mother come alive. So do the violence-laden streets of his early youth, the turmoil of his time in the seminary, his youthful flight to revolution, the robberies, his exile, and, throughout, the philandering. Stalin rises from all of this whole and more recognizable in all his amazingly mixed qualities: strong, cruel, vain, intellectual -- "the peerless politician, paranoid megalomaniac and aberrant master of human misery."
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Will Russia be run by democrats or oligarchs? The signs are worrying. The West would rather not dwell on the extent to which Russia's market is dominated by robber barons and permeated by crime and corruption. Russia's democracy is weak, with unfair election campaigns, a compromised media, and few checks on the presidency. The West cannot afford to let Russia descend into chaos, which might mean losing control of Russia's arsenal of weapons of mass destruction, but its two-faced NATO expansion policy hurts the democrats' chances.
Russia's interests demand good relations with everyone, but older, darker forces tempt it to avenge its fall from superpowerdom. Westernizing democrats govern for now, but ex-communist elites and embittered generals scheme to re invigorate the military and reassert control over the borderlands. Their machinations are creating a fault line across the oil-rich Caucasus and Central Asia. For Russia to neglect its reconstruction to pursue the illusion of power would be a monumental mistake. While the expansion of NATO is misconceived, the West must not encourage Russian hard-liners with unmerited concessions.

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