A volume of essays that takes a fresh look at an old problem-the impact of modernization on the Left in Europe. In a series of case studies (including, commendably, studies on Britain and on West Germany), the authors explore the changes which accelerating modernization has wrought among Europe's leftist parties since 1960. They conclude, not surprisingly, that the impact of modernization differs in each case, but that, as before, the Left is deeply ambivalent toward modernity.