In your new book Dangerously Divided, you show that racial minorities disproportionately lose in American democracy. What steps can we take on a policy level to help reduce inequality?

The data show clearly that who is in power matters. American democracy is tilted in favor of whites but much less so when Democrats are in charge. Under Democrats, the policy views of minorities are translated into policy as much as the policy views of whites, which ultimately leads to greater gains in economic well-being for minorities under Democrats. Thus, if the goal is to balance American democracy and improve minority well-being, one solution is work to elect more Democrats.

How has COVID-19 impacted U.S. race relations?

The pandemic has reinforced just how much race and policy are intertwined. A virus that originally had no connection to race has, nevertheless, had wide-ranging implications for the well-being of racial minorities. On the political side, simply because the virus originated in China, politicians have tried to use the virus to stoke racial tension. On the health side, existing racial inequalities—less health care in poorer neighborhoods, poorer health outcomes for minorities, and the need to continue to work to survive—have interacted with the virus to disproportionately impact the minority population. Any new problem is likely to affect different racial groups differently, and that has to be taken into account when we consider policy actions.

We often hear in the news about how voter ID laws negatively impact people of color. Can you share how your research explores the topic?

In my research, I look to see how the relative turnout of different racial groups changes after states pass new strict voter ID laws and compare that to changes in turnout in similar states that didn’t pass a new law. The data show that the implementation of new strict ID laws in four states across the country had a disproportionately negative impact on turnout in 2016 in racially diverse counties. In other words, where strict ID laws are enacted, the voices of Latinos, Black people, and Asian Americans all become more muted, and the relative influence of white America grows. If the 2020 election is tight, racial and ethnic minorities being disproportionately deterred from voting could alter the outcome, especially since more states have enacted strict ID laws in the interim.

How will the 2020 election influence your teaching during the fall term?

The election will have a huge impact on my teaching. Clearly, this is something that interests the students, and it is also an important election with wide-ranging implications for race and well-being. The idea will be to use current events such as the election to explain deeper issues about our democracy.

How have students been involved in the work and research you’re doing?

I always have a number of graduate students working with me on my research. They do everything from data collection to data analysis to coming up with the original ideas for projects. Much of my work has been co-authored with my graduate students. They are critical.

You launched the school’s newest research center. What is it, and how can future Global Policy and Strategy students benefit from the work the center is doing?

We launched the Center for Commerce and Diplomacy in early 2019 to understand the causes and consequences of the institutions of trade diplomacy. Diplomats operate within a set of domestic and international institutions that govern their behavior in international trade negotiations. But we have little systematic knowledge about the specifics of these procedures, how they came into being, how they vary over time and across countries, and how they affect economic outcomes. As the world looks to shape the rules and institutions governing the next era of globalization, we hope to provide the analytical tools and knowledge to policymakers who seek to make these as robust as possible.

Why is commercial diplomacy important in today’s political and economic climate?

After World War II, countries negotiated a series of multilateral, regional, and bilateral agreements that dramatically reduced policy barriers to global trade and investment. Most notable among these was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which was the predecessor of the current World Trade Organization. These agreements led to massive increases in trade, foreign investment, and productivity, over the past seventy-five years.

Today, the open world economy, which has bolstered global economic growth, is under threat. Populist pressures, nationalism, and financial crises have weakened the base of support for global integration even at its core. We seek to design institutions that allow commerce and diplomacy to interact for the advancement of worldwide peace and prosperity.

You grew up in Jamaica and went to school on the East Coast. How has living in California shaped your outlook on policy and economics?

The culture of freedom that permeates the state infects all who live here, in the best way possible. My experience in California has served to reinforce many of the basic principles governing markets that economics teaches. At the same time, it has heightened my awareness of income disparities within the United States. Coming from a poorer country, inequality in a large developed country was not salient. However, my California experience has taught me that inequality is as much of an issue within countries as it is across countries. This is a feature of development that has yet to be addressed adequately in the economics or politics literature.

What skills do students in your classes gain to help them in the future job market?

As a game theorist, I teach my students about the politics of international trade policy, focusing on the games being played between countries. Game theory helps students understand the purpose of trade agreements: when they can be successful and when they are likely to fail. The game structure and payoffs are determined by market structure, and so students are taught what strategies are feasible in industries that are perfectly competitive versus industries marked by market power, externalities, or other market imperfections. Through the lens of game theory, students are taught to critically assess actions and pronouncements of policymakers, and consequently, to be able to guide future trade policy strategy.

What is the relationship of the UC San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy (GPS) to international security and defense?

Several prominent trends are shaping the contours of the landscape: the challenge of great powers, especially China, to the existing U.S.-dominated security order, the impact of geo-economic factors, and the influence of technology and innovation on state capacity. GPS has substantial academic expertise in these areas that allow our students to prepare for the critical security challenges over the next five to fifteen years and even longer. Besides scholars engaged in the latest cutting-edge research on the implications of cybersecurity, innovation, and the power transitions in the global order, GPS has former senior military officers providing a practitioner’s perspective to how to manage the complex dynamics between military power, diplomacy, geopolitics, and national power. This allows GPS to cater to the needs of our diverse pool of security-track students, which include a mix of civilian students and military personnel from the local San Diego community, as well as from elsewhere in the world.

How does GPS see the importance of technology in studying security and conflict?

GPS sees science, technology, and innovation as essential in understanding contemporary security and conflict from the level of nonstate actors, such as terrorist groups, to military competition involving advanced industrial powers, such as the United States, China, and Russia. Our courses examine many of the grand security questions facing the world now and in the years to come. Is cybersecurity a game-changer in how future wars will be waged? Will the United States lose its global lead in defense innovation anytime soon? Is the world in the midst of a global technological revolution that will profoundly reshape how conflict takes place and how states prepare for war? Combining technological knowhow with policy expertise is a must-have skill set for tomorrow’s security professional.

How do GPS students get involved in the work that the UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC) is doing around the world?

One prime example of how students can get firsthand working experience on some of the security issues they study is through the numerous research and engagement programs run by IGCC, which is based at GPS. IGCC manages an annual Track 1.5 dialogue addressing security issues in Northeast Asia, especially North Korea’s efforts to become a nuclear weapons state. GPS students prepare and take part in the dialogue that offers unique, firsthand insights into how international meetings on complex security challenges are conducted. Other IGCC programs include the study of China’s technological rise, great power competition, nuclear nonproliferation, and defense transparency.

What types of nontraditional, security-related careers are you seeing GPS students go into?

As the study of international security becomes increasingly broad and nontraditional, GPS students are well prepared to take advantage of new opportunities. While GPS has a strong track record in helping students gain access to positions in traditional security career paths, such as the military, diplomatic corps, defense contractors, security think tanks, and working for government, we also place graduates in nontraditional careers. They include political and business risk management for multinational corporations, international humanitarian groups, food security research, refugee resettlement, business development with defense companies, and threat analysis with cybersecurity outfits.

Immediately after the School of Global Policy and Strategy (GPS), you headed to Washington, D.C., as a research analyst at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. What are you working on now, and how did your graduate studies help?

Currently, I track various metrics for measuring the North Korean economy to ascertain how and at what levels their economy is growing. I also have an ongoing project assessing the extent of South Korean humanitarian and economic aid in North Korea.

I have always wanted to be in the mix of discussions on U.S. foreign policy in East Asia, and Washington, D.C., is the hub. GPS combines quantitative analysis skills and top-notch research and was the best place for my studies.

What lessons prepared you to work at a  leading think tank?

I use my quantitative skills every day. The economics training at GPS is great, and so is the broad training in public policy. In a town like Washington, D.C., you are never too far removed from politics, and I gained a superb foundation for understanding this. It is not about learning facts; it is about acquiring that foundation to analyze problems in many contexts.

North Korea represents uncertainty for many in the world. What are your thoughts on the current tensions?

We are in a very difficult time. We need bold new ideas to signal the intent of the U.S. toward long-term peace and engagement with North Korea while simultaneously improving sanctions enforcement and continuing to punish aberrant behavior. This is not an easy balance to find.

Just as important as analyzing these complex policy issues, it is necessary to connect them with stakeholders. That is why I maintain relationships with government officials, diplomats, and members of the media. This makes my work better but also allows for opportunities to share it with others.

As a graduate student, how pivotal were your multiple fellowships?

Immensely pivotal. The Robertson Foundation for Government Fellowship provided unparalleled financial assistance to support my training in public policy with an eye on public service. The Boren Fellowship provided funding to study Korean in South Korea, and the Rosenthal Fellowship supported my U.S. Department of State internship. The Career Services staff at GPS kept me up to speed with fellowship deadlines and made sure my applications were solid.

To what extent has your collaborative work with faculty benefitted you?

While a student, I had the chance to work with truly fantastic professors such as Stephan Haggard and Susan Shirk—experts in Korea and China, respectively. It is hard to imagine a better place to study if you want to think deeply and critically about Northeast Asia policy.

I am currently working on research with Stephan Haggard and writing posts for his and Marcus Noland’s blog, North Korea: Witness to Transformation. Faculty members Susan Shirk and Emilie Hafner-Burton also have been very helpful in encouraging me in my career and carrying on policy discussions even after classes ended.

At the School of Global Policy and Strategy, you successfully debated the Chinese economy would be in crisis—and you did it with International Affairs and Public Policy master’s students. Why is it valuable to work closely with students?

I learned a lot about the financial industry when I worked for The Carlyle Group before UC San Diego, and I’m grateful to be able to pass that knowledge onto students. It was a pleasure to collaborate with the students on the debate, and I learned a great deal from them. At the same time, it’s important to provide opportunities for them to challenge themselves in a substantively interesting way. We had a lot of fun.

You’ve created a niche with some of your research, connecting the effects of elite politics on financial policy in China. What are some of your key findings?

For some reason, the literature on financial policies and outcomes assumed that institutional factors drove the outcomes. But when I talked to bankers in China, everyone told me that banking policies were highly politicized. It’s a good niche because very few people think about the connections. Now most people know that politics is in command in banking policies in China.

Your quantitative database on Chinese elite politicians has recently been expanded. What is its potential for students in the classroom?

We have made a huge amount of progress on the database, and anyone interested in the effect of networks on political outcomes can use it. It would be great to have students work on the data. And for students interested in Chinese politics, it’s a great way to apply methods they learn in class to something that can be rewarding.

UC San Diego sits at the cusp, if you will, of Asia—ties are closer than we think. How is teaching here helpful to your work?

The density of exchanges between UC San Diego and academia in China is impressive. For that, we must thank our 21st Century China Program. Additionally, we have a close relationship with Fudan University through the Fudan-UC Center on Contemporary China, also based at the School of Global Policy and Strategy. We are now well known in China as a premier place to exchange ideas on economic policies and political economy.

Explain about the power of the new degree being offered, the Master of Chinese Economic and Political Affairs. What’s the importance of offering this degree?

Given our all-encompassing strength on China studies, we can offer students a comprehensive and in-depth curriculum on many different aspects of China. Our coverage of China is better than some of the more traditional powerhouses of China studies. At the same time, we also offer a rigorous quantitative focus and courses on general public policies, international relations, and international political economy. I firmly believe that the School of Global Policy and Strategy is the best place in the world to get a master’s degree on China studies.

You received a Ph.D. in physics. What led you to change from science to policy?

I wouldn’t say I’ve abandoned science to study policy, but rather that my research on climate and food security draws on numerous techniques that span the two disciplines. For example, my work on short-lived climate pollutants often looks a lot like atmospheric physics or chemistry, but I then combine that with things like impact evaluation and scenario analysis which come much more from the economics and policy worlds.

What’s your take on how science and policy communities intersect today?

One thing I personally care about is that so-called hard scientists (myself included) become more policy literate. The science community often acts as if it has (we have) the answers and everyone else just needs to get on board. But that’s an unrealistic and antagonistic approach. My own philosophy is that, rather than just telling people what to do, it’s better to show the consequences of different policies or to highlight loopholes with unforeseen consequences to stimulate discussion and motivate action.

In what ways can students best prepare to succeed in your classes?

Most of my teaching is in the quant track here at GPS. In the two classes I teach (Quantitative Methods 2 and a capstone course), we really emphasize process over results. I believe the most valuable skill one can learn in graduate school is how to take risks on difficult questions and problems—to dive in really deeply, even if you might end up with something that is totally wrong or doesn’t work out in the end. Students who learn how to do this not only end up with the best projects and best experiences in graduate school, but also end up breaking through that “wall” that often prevents us from diving into the unknown. That’s a skill the world really needs more of.

How do students in your classes build relevant skills for today’s job market?

Students tell us their technical skills from GPS are the most useful skills they leave with. Broadly, I hope to help students be comfortable with data and to know what the potential flaws are with analyses they will be consuming. More specifically, the capstone course I co-teach with Professor Craig McIntosh focuses on how to evaluate whether something works. That something could be a policy, a technology, an innovation, a program or a strategy.

In what ways does being in San Diego shape your outlook on international affairs?

California has been a world leader in innovation to address environmental sustainability and climate change. I love being at the heart of that. I also have a deep love of semi-arid and arid regions, so San Diego is a natural home. I was born and raised in New Mexico, and it seems like all of my projects focus on this ecosystem—it is the most interesting in terms of climate impacts, adaptation, food security, land use, and agricultural and economic development!

Craig McIntosh is a Professor of Economics at the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at UC San Diego.

You’re known for your teaching style and have been recognized with several UC San Diego awards. How do you approach the classroom?

My approach to teaching is to assume students have serious concerns about wanting to make the world a better place. The role I can play in assisting them is to give them tools in critical thinking. I believe we make a difference by working hard and thinking carefully about how to translate intentions into realities on the ground.

Collaboration across disciplines is increasingly important in international relations, particularly as it relates to the STEM fields. Where do you see the integration of the policy world with STEM?

A new focus at USAID, as well as many other organizations, is on the nexus of technology and development. Through new institutes such as the Policy Design and Evaluation Lab, and new courses like Evaluating Technological Innovation, UC San Diego is training the leaders of tomorrow at the intersection of STEM and policy.

Many students are interested in developing a hard-skills set, particularly quantitative analysis. How do your students build relevant applied skills in this area?

Such skills are hard to acquire, but are also very teachable in a classroom context. Our courses have been carefully thought through to provide as rigorous a training as possible in two years. Our goal is to have graduates who are on the cutting edge with the software and statistical techniques used to evaluate real-world policies.

Monitoring and evaluation is a growth area for graduates in the policy and development arena. How can students prepare for this type of career?

Good technical skills in evaluation are often best taught in a classroom context. These are immediately applicable, and place graduates in a great position to land a job in the “thinking” part of a large organization, working directly on product development or policy analysis.

In the last decade, the shift in global focus toward the Pacific area has been notable. Is it important for students to focus regionally?

I believe that the ideal mix combines elements of the global and the local. For the global, concrete, demonstrable skills in areas like econometrics or policy analysis will allow you to be flexible and to operate across a variety of contexts. For the local, language, historical knowledge, and policy expertise in a specific country or region allow you to think deeply about specific challenges.

How does being in California shape your perspective and the larger UC San Diego outlook?

Our region offers an innovative global technology culture where a serious focus on international problems can cohabit with a great quality of life. The University of California is a world-class strategically located institution where people are engaged in the main policy debates of the day, and yet is an unpretentious place where the focus is on the quality and policy impact of the work.